Queenie Brown Magazine.com

 WeWe (pron.WayWay)...YOU

     Diaspora Conflict Resolve

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The pain, the frustration, the anger; the historical hate, abuse and intolerance is all so overwhelming. 

 

During this time of raised voices and correcting wrongness, THIS is the time to grasp, to SEE, to know the full story - Our Story.

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Why is it relevant to gain perspective on our past? As James Baldwin said, "If you know whence you came, there are absolutely no limitations to where you can go.” 

 

Knowing Our Story forces us to step back, and examine where we are then establish our plan for the future. Pieces of Our Story circulates. Parts of the tale are shared. Pieces and parts of a whole are only that - pieces and parts. We have been like scattered pieces left to blow in the wind or broken parts discarded and forgotten. Our pieces and parts are the reasons for our confusion, for the current state of chaos. When those pieces are put together, the true picture - like that in a puzzle - is revealed. Once the parts are assembled, the authentic purpose and function becomes clear. In turn, once the whole story is told then understood, regardless the circumstance or the manipulation, zero influence will sway us from the reality of who we are.

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Previous queeniebrownmagazine.com issues, guided us through our beginning. Recounting our brilliance from tens of thousands of years ago, where we navigated land and water; created: tools, language, systems and civilizations that awe us to this very day. We were introduced to our cousin group in Africa; the oldest existing people up to 140,000 years old, relatives of those who left home over 100,000 years ago. The Khoisan people are the  people of the Southern African countries like Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Lesotho.

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Let us begin our understanding of Our Story by recognizing that Humanity is a fascinating story of survival. This survival began tens of thousands of year long before the formal recording of history. In other words, what we know today, what we have been taught about our past, is only a sliver of what has actually occurred. It is difficult to receive the full and complete information about our past because records reflecting those experiences were not noted by pen and paper. Scripts that did exists were mostly destroyed by The Ignorant and or buried by time. Interestingly, newly discovered experiences may not be in writing we can understand, but their messages exist via drawings or unearthed objects. Some truths that were destroyed are making their way to the surface as evidence of unknown facts.

 

With all that we know and all that is coming to light, the undisputed fact is, we Beings survived through ages other similar and not so similar creatures proved incapable of surviving. What was it about us that allowed us to learn, adapt and evolve in spite of occurrences like extreme weather changes, diseases, and dietary adjustments? Many are the explanations to that question. The fact remains, we survived.

 

The sad truth about our human survival is, our history has been a sorted and continuous chronicle of the combat for space which later translated into a combat for power. From the beginning of humanity we have jostled for space. When the Nile was our home, thousands of years before formal record, for example, it flowed through our lands providing all that was necessary to survive. As more and more groups discovered its benefits through the centuries, some were edged off their claim or their plot size reduced to accommodate "new comers." Inevitably, some stood their ground or pushed back, resulting in turf wars that probably continue to this day. 

 

Clans became Groups, became tribes, became civilizations, became towns, became countries, became empires became dynasties - in general terms - and repeat. This pushing and shoving continued throughout time - eventually, across the globe, where one group wanted what another had enough to kill for it. From empires and dynasties in Africa to empires and dynasties across the world, the story remains the same for tens of thousands of years.

 

One can follow our human progression through the ages from Southern Africa up to central Africa, moving to the East and West coasts as well as North toward Egypt, around the Mediterranean Sea and beyond. Follow the Nile; examine our World timeline - witness the evolution of the newbies vying for dominance. We jostled and built and grew and forgot our home; fighting and clawing until we returned thousands of years later as strangers.

 

It is important to understand this fact as it is our human condition. A restlessness, a curiosity, a need, greed, a desire for more plagues us - drives us. This Jostling for Space translated into a Jostle for Power, broken down even more keenly is the jostle for economic power; one could be as mighty as a bull without the influence of money (economics) a bull is only a beast of burden. 

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It is crucial to know the horrors we inflicted upon each other as we jostled for power, in order to see who we Humans are - who we have always been. War, for instance, did not just end with folks in bloody battle. The victors - the conquers - (if they did not kill every man, woman, and child of their conquests) brought survivors home, and they did with them as they chose. If those "survivors" were lucky, all they had to do was the work the victors did not want to do themselves - as slaves, of course.

 

The topic of slavery can be a sensitive one for  people of the African diaspora. This repugnant system plagues us to this day in insults, assaults, criticism and continued victimizations the likes of which we have witnessed, again, lately. When we understand the savagery that is the human conditioning, we will recognize savagery as part of our Human Condition. Slavery is the perfect example of this statement.  

 

Slavery is a perfect example of our human savagery conditioning because we humans have always found ways of making - extorting/ subjecting - others to the tasks we did not want to or could not do ourselves (i.e. turning them into our beasts). Opportunists have always proven pragmatic in facilitating this demand, making the trade of slaves a viable operation for centuries - to this day. There are very few civilizations that emerged and thrived without the practice of domination over fellow humans - probably since the beginning of human existence.

 

There are those who indicate that slavery was a viable economic imperative within civilizations - seldom existing within the Hunter Gatherer era. Logic insists, though, during a period where laws were not well established, brute force was likely a very useful tool when it came to "making someone do what one wanted" and or "keeping" someone against their will. Also, in these times, the trading of someone less useful or problematic - also against their will - was probably a regular occurrence. Such negotiations would have been advantageous in ridding a group or tribe or individual of a problem while gaining something in return - beginning the global effort of "trading humans." Giving away a child, sibling, spouse or relative (mostly of the female persuasion) was - and still is - a common practice for a family's economic security, protection and bond preservation between families or within groups. With this knowledge, it is no long leap understanding that emerged empires did so at the exploitation of peers.

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As new societies fought for, lost or won power, so slaves were captured, used and traded; used to build and sustain their capturers' societies. This was a cultural norm across nations, most ethnicities conducted themselves in this fashion across the globe.

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The Roman state turned empire, for example, spread from around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia, each region ruled by emperors. The empire gained slaves from warfare from all over Europe the Mediterranean, including Gaul (Celts), Hispania, North Africa, Syria, Germany, Britannia, the Balkans, Greece and the middle east. Slave mortality rates were high while birthrates, low; they were considered property under Roman law with no legal rights as a person. In some states slaves outnumbered the free by about seven to one with no opportunity of being freed. Unlike Roman citizens, they could be subjected to corporal punishment, sexual exploitation (prostitutes were often slaves), torture and immediately killed if accused of a crime.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Another model for empires building on the backs of enslaved peers is the Ottoman Empire. It was only in the early 19th century that Caucasians (surrounding lower Russian areas) were banned as slaves within the Ottoman Empire (which was founded by a Turk tribe leader in the 13 century). This empire stretched from Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. The surge of Islamic conquests (after Ghandi's death triggered a Muslim Holy War - the desire to convert ALL to Islam) brought in a huge number of slaves, including Syrians, Copts, Persians, Indians, Greeks, Turks, and people of today's North African coast, like Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The Arab SlaveTrade (with an intent to enslave non Muslims) stemmed from the Indian Ocean, mainly in Western and Central Asia, Northern and Eastern Africa, India, Europe, and the Caucasus region (between the Black Sea and  Caspian Sea) from around 500 to the early 20th century. 

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Into the 16th to 18th century, The Barbary Slave Trade, dealt in the trade of European Christians along the Mediterranean.  Barbary pirates raided ships and coastal towns, kidnapping those from  Italy, Spain, France, Portugal, England, Netherlands, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and as far north as Iceland. 

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After a handful of original humans left the African continent, and walked across, populating, the globe, The Jostle for Power continued. 

While there were Indian Empires; the Mayas, year 400s/900s; the rise and decline of the Roman Empire; Mohammed's birth and death, late 570/632; the reunification of China; the Christianization of England, re-established by Germanic tribes, late 500s;  the Sui Dynasty, late 5 -early 600s; the Catholic Church power gain; the last Great Roman-Persian war, early 600s; Pepin the Short, 751; the Ottoman Empire, the invention of gun powder, 900... great African civilizations participated in extensive trans-oceanic travel, establishing valuable relationships and building international trading networks through Africa, India, China and other parts of Asia.

 

We are all aware of the Nubians and their Sudanese Lower Egypt origin. They held vast mineral resources and controlled the middle Nile trade route to the South. Some historians believe Nubia (or Kush as others may know it) was the homeland of Egypt. Much like children leaving the nest to build their own future yet returning home, regularly, for financial or other support, so was Egypt to Nubia. Supporting this argument are the Egyptian writings, referencing travels to Nubia and returning with incredible riches, including soldiers for protection. Whatever truth is yet to be unearthed, Nubians were well known archery specialist with a history of female rulers - some of which were found buried with their archery equipment. A Swiss team, excavating a Nubian site for over 30 years, discovered  temples, cemeteries and a city wall with bastions, revealing that the site (city of Kerma) was a centre for trade in gold, ivory, cattle, and other commodities. Records also reveal the event where Nubian soldiers from the city of Meroe, won a raid of Roman Egypt. As a result, Rome and Meroe agreed to a peace treaty around 20 B.C., resulting in centuries of relative stability due to trade.  

 

The  Mandinka kingdoms of Mali began as a small state. The region consisted of mountains, the Savannah and forests which provided ideal protection and resources for the population. The little state grew to an empire, expanding through the incorporation of city states, villages or towns or conquests. Post conquest, an appointed member of the Mali empire would be placed in control of the land. Once the conquered people displayed loyalty, they were allowed to elect their own local representative who could be trusted in that ruling  position. This system was successful in maintaining loyalties - dissuading rebellion by elites.  Social and economic reforms including prohibitions on the maltreatment of prisoners and slaves were put into place. The Mali Empire, known the world over for its wealth and luxury, acquired control over the salt trade to include with their gold trading. The capital, Niani, with a population of 100,000, was situated on the agriculturally rich floodplain of upper Niger. Two main trade routes were established through their region: one heading North, exporting gold dust and agricultural produce, the other heading South, eventually gaining control of the Trans-Sahara trade route - making this region the centre of commerce. This empire was so successful, in the 14th century, their cowrie shells were established as a form of currency for trading and taxation. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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The Wagadou Empire (also known by the leaders royal title, "Ghana" as in the Ghana Empire), was located approximately four hundred miles North West of modern Ghana. Based on genealogical evidence, traditional stories that survivors of the Ghana Empire relocated to the current day Ghana location, is true. This means many of today's people of Ghana can trace their lineage back to this incredible time. The original Ghana Empire, was made up of today's Senegal people. Clans came together under a leader with semi-divine status, called Dinga Cisse. The Ghana Empire, known to have the richest gold mines on earth, as well as healthy tax expectations, also traded salt and copper in exchange for textiles, beads and finished goods. Its reign was around 300 until around 1100. 

 

In addition to coastal trade routes, for centuries, equally substantial routes down to, up from, and across the Sahara Desert, existed. These routes connected people of many cultures and languages who were: farmers, crafts people, fishermen, hunters, et cetera, trading long as well as short distances across the continent. These routes were controlled by kingdoms, empires, substantial towns, well organized communities above and below the Shahara Desert. These were profitable, integral, trading systems that turned little villages or states into active prosperous entities. 

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Over thirty to forty kingdoms, empires and dynasties - that we know of to date - rose across the continent of Africa before arriving to the time of Lower Egypt. African kings, chiefs, and leaders across the continent traded gold, crops, exotic wildlife, ivory, peppers, textiles, wax, grain, copper as well as war prisoners from conquered tribes or their enemies that sustained bustling societies. More than just trade, much evidence exists informing of African people living full and productive lives, sometimes playing high ranking roles, in countries across the Mediterranean into India and China; the same such evidence speaks to people from across the seas making Africa their home. 

 

So, if Africa was a cosmopolitan hub of trade and good living, how did its original people become slaves, affecting opinions about and conflicts with people of the African Diaspora to this very day? 

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The historical answer is, rivalry, audacity and the Catholic Church.

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The above mentioned (of only a few) prolific trade systems in "The World," indicate the complex affairs among nations, at that time. Portugal was one such nation. Toted as the oldest established European country, this (Iberian Peninsula) region was invaded and conquered by numerous tribes of multiple ethnicities through the centuries. Many of these tribes established kingdoms from the North to the South and across the peninsula. For example, various Celt groups, from Central Europe, invaded the land in waves during the first century, over time intermarrying with the indigenous people. Germanic tribes descended upon the land in the 4th century, following an almost 400 year rule by the Romans. Muslim tribes conquered the area in the early 700s until displaced Germanic nobles fought for, then retained, power in the Northern region. These nobles set out on the mission of reconquering the country. But, before that could happen, the North, remained socially and politically Catholic (as was established by the Romans) and the Central South areas were of Muslim claim by the North African, Arab conquerers. The North, closer to Spain, faced many complex power struggles from neighbouring empires like France and Spain. A French alliance helped assist the region in gaining great power and territory. 1139 CE, the borders of what became Portugal, were finally defined. Continued struggles, warfare and declaration of royalty enabled Portugal's defeat of Muslim dominance in the 14th century.

As Portugal established, built, then gained its power, so did Spain with a similar history including a Greek influence. They too fought from under Muslim rule, and won their freedom shortly after Portugal. The liberation of these countries was the start to their empire building due to their explosion of overseas exploration. Spain explorers came across the Canary Islands, and set about battling the the local people for almost a century before controlling everything - well, almost everything; the Portuguese purchased lands from one of the captains that conquered under Spain - to the chagrin of both Spain and local leaders. Speaking of The Portuguese, facing economic decline, the monarch supported a captain's venture to take over the newly defeated Muslim trade routes of North Africa. The first conquest was a major port on the Trans-Saharan gold and slave trade. This post ended up being an economic bust for Portugal, as Muslim caravans simply changed routes to other Muslim ports. This conquest was the furthest the Portuguese had ever explored. Venturing so far from home, the captain wanted answers to questions that pestered him.The first

question was, how far did the Muslim territories in Africa actually extended. Obviously, Portugal was unaware of the strong Muslim influence along the Trans Sahara trade route where many African merchants built relationships with Muslim merchants, and converted to Islam as far back as the 8th century. The second query the captain had was whether it was possible to reach Asia by sea. Keep in mind, empires in the Eastern Hemisphere, like Portugal and Spain, had no idea what lay beyond Cape Bojador, Morocco. Beyond Morocco, navigators assumed "The World" came to an end! The Portuguese captain, though, wanted to reach the source of the much talked about Spice Trade; he also had inspiration of joining forces with a fabled Christian kingdom, rumoured to exist somewhere in the "Indies." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire  

 

The 15th century (like every other century) ushered in military mights all with the goal of establishing their own personal trade routes. Spain, "The empire on which the sun never sets," was one of the largest empires in our human history. The sum of two mighty empires, amalgamated into one through marriage, Spain had the goal of attaining wealth (gold) and expanding territory (gaining economic power). The trading of spices - used in pretty much everything from medicine, religious rituals, cosmetics, perfumery, food additives, preservatives and dyes - served as currency along some trading routes. The Spice Trade was hugely valuable in this century. It also had a fantastical secret origin that was controlled, and heavily taxed, by the Ottoman Empire. Wishing to avoid taxes and relations with the Ottoman Empire, but wanting in on the (secret and lucrative) Spice Trade, the Spanish Empire set about establishing trading routes to its origin - in stiff competition with Portugal. When explorers, scouting for new territory on behalf of Spain, discovered "The World" was larger than they knew i.e. an Italian explorer happened upon the Western Hemisphere believing it was India, raids and warfare, commissioned by the Spanish Monarchs, ensued. Defeating indigenous empires of the Caribbean islands brought about claims of ownership on the lands won (in name of the Spanish Monarchs). Eventually, the extension of territory reached the Philippines as well as, what would become, "the Americas." 

Sidebar: notice various vacation spots and U.S. cities with Spanish names and backgrounds? This is how and when they came to be.

 

Portugal's maritime exploration prowess, new ships that could sail farther and faster, mishaps, and conquered lands, shaped its success well ahead of Spain's. Almost 3o years after their first sail beyond the Iberian Peninsula post capturing that Trans Sahara Muslim port, they ventured along the coastlines of Africa (remember they wanted to know how far Muslim territories extended in Africa) then profitably engaged in the slave and gold trades. It was approximately a century before competition arose from their rivals. Portugal's encounter with the Gold Coast, created a gold rush when their neighbours and greatest competitor heard about it. Spanish merchants and sailors but particularly The Monarchs, wanted in on Portugal's profitable venture - desperately. Though Portugal held a monopoly on trade below Morocco, as granted by their royalty, that monopoly was enforced (at the behest of their royalty) by the ultimate authority and mediator of conflicts (whose steady increase to power, after the fall of the Roman Empire, granted the privilege of judge and jury) the Papal.

Pope Nicholas V, publicly declared, the Crown of Portugal dominion over all lands south of Cape Bojador in Africa. The Pope's declaration granted Portugal a monopoly on trade in West Africa and Spain the right to colonize the New World (as they had already commissioned explorers to do on their behalf).

 

What gave the Catholic Church, Portugal and Spain "the right" to make claims of ownership on a world that, not only existed but, thrived long before their arrival? The audacity of a Humanity that believes it can take what it wants simply because it wants it. The same audacity declared by most every other dynasty, empire, kingdom, king, chief, leader, group or bully before them: the savagery that is the human conditioning. 

 

The difference with this audacity, the Romanus Pontifex of 1455 as declared by the Pope Nicholas V?  It turned the trading world on its heals; leading to the first ever period of DBP, Discrimination by Pigmentation. This Discrimination by Pigmentation lead to what we now identify as "Racism."

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Did it start out that way? Did the Portuguese profit on the trade of Africans because they were Black? Remember, that side of "the world" was completely oblivious to what - if anything - lay beyond  Cape Bojador, Morocco. So, it is safe to say, "No." What ended up becoming the Transatlantic Slave Trade was not about pigmentation or anti Black sentiment. The Transatlantic was about making money, capitalizing on a system that had been practiced and had made societies rich for about a millenium. 

Did the Pope suspect the tens of millions of people that would be kidnapped from their home, abused, and used in the most grievous of ways? Considering the European Slave Trade resulted in a little over one million people being kidnapped and used, the appropriate question would be, "How could Pope Nicholas V fathom the number of lives and generations his decision would affect? He too was focused on one thing when he supported Portugal - well two things - gaining wealth and expanding territory. He knew, Portugal's gain would also benefit The Church - to include converting possible new societies to Christianity. Do we know if Pope Nicholas V would have cared about the destruction his declaration would befall A People? Well, his predecessor, who actually received the letter from the Portugal King, did not respond to the King's request. In fact, on January 13, 1435, almost 60 years before Portugal was to explore the West African coast, the papal condemned slavery as soon as this crime was discovered in one of Portugal's first colonies. Eugene IV was clear in his intentions both to condemn the enslavement of those on the Canary Islands, and demanded correction of the injustice within 15 days. "Those who did not restore the enslaved to their liberty in that time were to incur the sentence of excommunication." It was for this reason (and several such warnings from The Church), the Ottoman Empire (eventually) ceased in the trade of its local people. The Church (in its time of wealth and great influence) was adamantly against the trade of - Christian - people. Although one must wonder what The Church was actually thinking, considering it took approximately four hundred years for The Transatlantic Slave Trade to end; not to mention the holy wars - sorry - crusades The Church sanctioned - including on the Canary Islands! 

 

 

In the meanwhile, the British Empire, described as being a free association of independent entities, was not a legal empire under one founder or ruler like the Mali Empire, the Roman Empire or any Empire mentioned above. The British Empire (Common Wealth) was an agreement of countries, dominions, nobles, politicians, the poor who shared The Dream of economical wealth - on the land some explorer stumbled upon and conquered local elites for ownership. 

 

How did this small country construct such notoriety (power) and wealth?

 

Remember, Britannia existed long before its people were slaves in the Roman Empire. They suffered raids from the Celts, Romans, Germans, French, the Vikings. They witnessed the Africans, the Romans, the Ottoman, The Barbary, the Arabs prosper on established trade relations - they might have been slaves at that time, but, were there to witness, nonetheless. They grew competent through warfare with Ireland, Wales and Scotland; developed hierarchal systems that were torn down, watered down then fine tuned, all while dealing with civil battles over - you guessed it - the Jostle for Space and (economic) Power. As with the start of all great kingdoms, exporting and importing goods helped create enterprise and build wealth as well as thriving communities in Britannia. Conversion to Christianity helped garner alliances and protection for more jostling, but, it also brought contention from those who believed in trust of state more than trust in God.

As land grew scarce, disease, and dis ease between the classes, rampant, word along the trade route reached British leaders about gold - lots of gold - as well as about a land that was new, free and available for the taking. This land held the promise of opportunity - opportunity to build to escape disease to escape one's fate, to make money - to rule. With the Papal, changing ideas about enslaving Christians and (essentially) forbidding the sale of Christians to non Christians i.e. to the Muslims, there was one source left to kidnap a labour force while remaining in keeping with The Church's requirements. That source was the still thriving "trading" system on the continent of Africa - now controlled by the Portuguese. 

 

To further understand why Africans ended up being The "Last" People Traded, take a look at this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom

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Britain, The Netherlands, France, Denmark all wanted to get into the act of creating wealth, extending territories, and using slave labour to build these lands they stumbled upon then conquered. Pope Nicholas V afforded Portugal the "opportunity" to facilitate this demand, these countries like most nations through time, capitalized upon it. The new kids on the block: Britain, The Netherlands, France, Denmark were able to succeed where old kingdoms could no longer (afford to) maintain control. Meaning, like many before them, Portugal and Spain over extended themselves, and could not afford, financially or militarily, to retain their far reaching grip on lands they had conquered. The British, the Dutch, the French either bought or conquered their claims before battling each other until establishing agreements. 

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Although there is the claim that Britain was not a legal empire under one leader, we understand the truth. Regardless the associations, all ties return to The British - parliament that is. The British Parliament may not have been ruled by one individual, but it operated as one "supreme" body, made up of an elite choosing. This body of elites had one goal in mind - you guessed it - the gaining of wealth and power. This goal was accomplished through the very lucrative practice of monopolizing trade. Remember how trade was inclusive between nations? During this period, it became exclusive (between parliament and British merchants) with a particular strong hold on the colonies. Restrictions were placed on trading with the French, Spanish and Dutch empires, and were enforced by the Royal Navy. The Royal Navy, borne from the need to fight invading powers like France, North Germany, and the Vikings, eventually evolved into a powerhouse on the seas; able to defeat opposing nations, and maintain control of Britains posts and profits. As we know, those who control trade - controls all.  

 

Britain was the last great empire leading us to this time. As our ancestors were stolen, hiding or escaping from their past, the only thing left was dreaming of a future filled with hope and possibilities. Bogged down by lies or half truths too few of us, today, know from whence we came or who were our people. We are stuck in ridicule and hate to hide our ignorance. We fight over fake news perpetuated by those screaming it the loudest.

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Today's great powers: The U.S., Russia, China, Germany, UK, (as per largest economy/military might) continue the fight - continue the Jostle for Space and Power - wealth and territory. 

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What aided our survival was the instinct to share, to form community for protection as well as to help each other survive - because we needed each other to survive; we still do. But, when we bought into the rhetoric, the false narrative, the Jostle for wealth and power that made some of us victims and some of us heroes; some worthy and others not quite worthy enough, our problems began. 

 

Knowing Our History shows us how we have converged and crashed against each other through the centuries due to us giving in to the savagery that is our conditioning, perpetuating the illness that the measure of a human is by coin as opposed to character. 

 

Today, our eyes are open.

We see our choices.

The questions is: Will we submit to the temptation unworthy of us by buying in to The Rhetoric, the outright lie about who we are or

will we stop being distracted by the savagery - the tragedy - of The Jostle, and focus on seeing the assembled parts of OUR incredible story; seeing the amazingness of each and every one of us?

 

Marley had it right, "Stop Spreading Propaganda." 

Let us instead, be awed by the ZERO limitations laid out before us.

If not for our sake, for the sake of our children.

 

Let us help each other stop the passing on of lies and pain.